Version 2.0

Documentation

Installation

Installing pendulum is quite simple:

$ pip install pendulum

or, if you are using poetry:

$ poetry add pendulum

Introduction

Pendulum is a Python package to ease datetimes manipulation.

It provides classes that are drop-in replacements for the native ones (they inherit from them).

Special care has been taken to ensure timezones are handled correctly, and are based on the underlying tzinfo implementation. For example, all comparisons are done in UTC or in the timezone of the datetime being used.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt_toronto = pendulum.datetime(2012, 1, 1, tz='America/Toronto')
>>> dt_vancouver = pendulum.datetime(2012, 1, 1, tz='America/Vancouver')

>>> print(dt_vancouver.diff(dt_toronto).in_hours())
3

The default timezone, except when using the now(), method will always be UTC.

Instantiation

There are several different methods available to create a new DateTime instance.

First there is the main datetime() helper.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2015, 2, 5)
>>> isinstance(dt, datetime)
True
>>> dt.timezone.name
'UTC'

datetime() sets the time to 00:00:00 if it's not specified, and the timezone (the tz keyword argument) to UTC. Otherwise it can be a Timezone instance or simply a string timezone value.

>>> import pendulum

>>> pendulum.datetime(2015, 2, 5, tz='Europe/Paris')
>>> tz = pendulum.timezone('Europe/Paris')
>>> pendulum.datetime(2015, 2, 5, tz=tz)

Note

Supported strings for timezones are the one provided by the IANA time zone database.

The special local string is also supported and will return your current timezone.

Warning

The tz argument is keyword-only, unlike in version 1.x

The local() helper is similar to datetime() but automatically sets the timezone to the local timezone.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.local(2015, 2, 5)
>>> print(dt.timezone.name)
'America/Toronto'

Note

local() is just an alias for datetime(..., tz='local').

There is also the now() method.

>>> import pendulum

>>> now = pendulum.now()

>>> now_in_london_tz = pendulum.now('Europe/London')
>>> now_in_london_tz.timezone_name
'Europe/London'

To accompany now(), a few other static instantiation helpers exist to create known instances. The only thing to really notice here is that today(), tomorrow() and yesterday(), besides behaving as expected, all accept a timezone parameter and each has their time value set to 00:00:00.

>>> now = pendulum.now()
>>> print(now)
'2016-06-28T16:51:45.978473-05:00'

>>> today = pendulum.today()
>>> print(today)
'2016-06-28T00:00:00-05:00'

>>> tomorrow = pendulum.tomorrow('Europe/London')
>>> print(tomorrow)
'2016-06-29T00:00:00+01:00'

>>> yesterday = pendulum.yesterday()
>>> print(yesterday)
'2016-06-27T00:00:00-05:00'

Pendulum enforces timezone aware datetimes, and using them is the preferred and recommended way of using the library. However, if you really need a naive DateTime object, the naive() helper is there for you.

>>> import pendulum

>>> naive = pendulum.naive(2015, 2, 5)
>>> naive.timezone
None

The next helper, from_format(), is similar to the native datetime.strptime() function but uses custom tokens to create a DateTime instance.

>>> dt = pendulum.from_format('1975-05-21 22', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH')
>>> print(dt)
'1975-05-21T22:00:00+00:00'

Note

To see all the available tokens, you can check the Formatter section.

It also accepts a tz keyword argument to specify the timezone:

>>> dt = pendulum.from_format('1975-05-21 22', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH', tz='Europe/London')
'1975-05-21T22:00:00+01:00'

The final helper is for working with unix timestamps. from_timestamp() will create a DateTime instance equal to the given timestamp and will set the timezone as well or default it to UTC.

>>> dt = pendulum.from_timestamp(-1)
>>> print(dt)
'1969-12-31T23:59:59+00:00'

>>> dt  = pendulum.from_timestamp(-1, tz='Europe/London')
>>> print(dt)
'1970-01-01T00:59:59+01:00'

Finally, if you find yourself inheriting a datetime.datetime instance, you can create a DateTime instance via the instance() function.

>>> dt = datetime(2008, 1, 1)
>>> p = pendulum.instance(dt)
>>> print(p)
'2008-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'

Parsing

The library natively supports the RFC 3339 format, most ISO 8601 formats and some other common formats.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.parse('1975-05-21T22:00:00')
>>> print(dt)
'1975-05-21T22:00:00+00:00

# You can pass a tz keyword to specify the timezone
>>> dt = pendulum.parse('1975-05-21T22:00:00', tz='Europe/Paris')
>>> print(dt)
'1975-05-21T22:00:00+01:00'

# Not ISO 8601 compliant but common
>>> dt = pendulum.parse('1975-05-21 22:00:00')

If you pass a non-standard or more complicated string, it will raise an exception, so it is advised to use the from_format() helper instead.

However, if you want the library to fall back on the dateutil parser, you have to pass strict=False.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.parse('31-01-01')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ParserError: Unable to parse string [31-01-01]

>>> dt = pendulum.parse('31-01-01', strict=False)
>>> print(dt)
'2031-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'

RFC 3339

String	Output
1996-12-19T16:39:57-08:00	1996-12-19T16:39:57-08:00
1990-12-31T23:59:59Z	1990-12-31T23:59:59+00:00

ISO 8601

Datetime

String	Output
20161001T143028+0530	2016-10-01T14:30:28+05:30
20161001T14	2016-10-01T14:00:00+00:00

Date

String	Output
2012	2012-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
2012-05-03	2012-05-03T00:00:00+00:00
20120503	2012-05-03T00:00:00+00:00
2012-05	2012-05-01T00:00:00+00:00

Ordinal day

String	Output
2012-007	2012-01-07T00:00:00+00:00
2012007	2012-01-07T00:00:00+00:00

Week number

String	Output
2012-W05	2012-01-30T00:00:00+00:00
2012W05	2012-01-30T00:00:00+00:00
2012-W05-5	2012-02-03T00:00:00+00:00
2012W055	2012-02-03T00:00:00+00:00

Time

When passing only time information the date will default to today.

String	Output
00:00	2016-12-17T00:00:00+00:00
12:04:23	2016-12-17T12:04:23+00:00
120423	2016-12-17T12:04:23+00:00
12:04:23.45	2016-12-17T12:04:23.450000+00:00

Intervals

String	Output
2007-03-01T13:00:00Z/2008-05-11T15:30:00Z	2007-03-01T13:00:00+00:00 -> 2008-05-11T15:30:00+00:00
2008-05-11T15:30:00Z/P1Y2M10DT2H30M	2008-05-11T15:30:00+00:00 -> 2009-07-21T18:00:00+00:00
P1Y2M10DT2H30M/2008-05-11T15:30:00Z	2007-03-01T13:00:00+00:00 -> 2008-05-11T15:30:00+00:00

Note

You can pass the exact keyword argument to parse() to get the exact type that the string represents:

>>> import pendulum

>>> pendulum.parse('2012-05-03', exact=True)
Date(2012, 05, 03)

>>> pendulum.parse('12:04:23', exact=True)
Time(12, 04, 23)

Localization

Localization occurs when using the format() method which accepts a locale keyword.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(1975, 5, 21)
>>> dt.format('dddd DD MMMM YYYY', locale='de')
'Mittwoch 21 Mai 1975'

>>> dt.format('dddd DD MMMM YYYY')
'Wednesday 21 May 1975'

diff_for_humans() is also localized, you can set the locale by using pendulum.set_locale().

>>> import pendulum

>>> pendulum.set_locale('de')
>>> pendulum.now().add(years=1).diff_for_humans()
'in 1 Jahr'
>>> pendulum.set_locale('en')

However, you might not want to set the locale globally. The diff_for_humans() method accepts a locale keyword argument to use a locale for a specific call.

>>> pendulum.set_locale('de')
>>> dt = pendulum.now().add(years=1)
>>> dt.diff_for_humans(locale='fr')
'dans 1 an'

Attributes and Properties

Pendulum gives access to more attributes and properties than the default datetime class.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.parse('2012-09-05T23:26:11.123789')

# These properties specifically return integers
>>> dt.year
2012
>>> dt.month
9
>>> dt.day
5
>>> dt.hour
23
>>> dt.minute
26
>>> dt.second
11
>>> dt.microsecond
123789
>>> dt.day_of_week
3
>>> dt.day_of_year
248
>>> dt.week_of_month
1
>>> dt.week_of_year
36
>>> dt.days_in_month
30
>>> dt.timestamp()
1346887571.123789
>>> dt.float_timestamp
1346887571.123789
>>> dt.int_timestamp
1346887571

>>> pendulum.datetime(1975, 5, 21).age
41  # calculated vs now in the same tz
>>> dt.quarter
3

# Returns an int of seconds difference from UTC (+/- sign included)
>>> pendulum.from_timestamp(0).offset
0
>>> pendulum.from_timestamp(0, 'America/Toronto').offset
-18000

# Returns a float of hours difference from UTC (+/- sign included)
>>> pendulum.from_timestamp(0, 'America/Toronto').offset_hours
-5.0
>>> pendulum.from_timestamp(0, 'Australia/Adelaide').offset_hours
9.5

# Gets the timezone instance
>>> pendulum.now().timezone
>>> pendulum.now().tz

# Gets the timezone name
>>> pendulum.now().timezone_name

# Indicates if daylight savings time is on
>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2012, 1, 1, tz='America/Toronto')
>>> dt.is_dst()
False
>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2012, 9, 1, tz='America/Toronto')
>>> dt.is_dst()
True

# Indicates if the instance is in the same timezone as the local timezone
>>> pendulum.now().is_local()
True
>>> pendulum.now('Europe/London').is_local()
False

# Indicates if the instance is in the UTC timezone
>>> pendulum.now().is_utc()
False
>>> pendulum.now('Europe/London').is_local()
False
>>> pendulum.now('UTC').is_utc()
True

Fluent helpers

Pendulum provides helpers that return a new instance with some attributes modified compared to the original instance. However, none of these helpers, with the exception of explicitly setting the timezone, will change the timezone of the instance. Specifically, setting the timestamp will not set the corresponding timezone to UTC.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.now()

>>> dt.set(year=1975, month=5, day=21).to_datetime_string()
'1975-05-21 13:45:18'

>>> dt.set(hour=22, minute=32, second=5).to_datetime_string()
'2016-11-16 22:32:05'

You can also use the on() and at() methods to change the date and the time respectively

>>> dt.on(1975, 5, 21).at(22, 32, 5).to_datetime_string()
'1975-05-21 22:32:05'

>>> dt.at(10).to_datetime_string()
'2016-11-16 10:00:00'

>>> dt.at(10, 30).to_datetime_string()
'2016-11-16 10:30:00'

You can also modify the timezone.

>>> dt.set(tz='Europe/London')

Setting the timezone just modifies the timezone information without making any conversion, while in_timezone() (or in_tz()) converts the time in the appropriate timezone.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2013, 3, 31, 2, 30)
>>> print(dt)
'2013-03-31T02:30:00+00:00'

>>> dt = dt.set(tz='Europe/Paris')
>>> print(dt)
'2013-03-31T03:30:00+02:00'

>>> dt = dt.in_tz('Europe/Paris')
>>> print(dt)
'2013-03-31T04:30:00+02:00'

>>> dt = dt.set(tz='Europe/Paris').set(tz='UTC')
>>> print(dt)
'2013-03-31T03:30:00+00:00'

>>> dt = dt.in_tz('Europe/Paris').in_tz('UTC')
>>> print(dt)
'2013-03-31T02:30:00+00:00'

String formatting

The __str__ magic method is defined to allow DateTime instances to be printed as a pretty date string when used in a string context.

The default string representation is the same as the one returned by the isoformat() method.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(1975, 12, 25, 14, 15, 16)
>>> print(dt)
'1975-12-25T14:15:16+00:00'

>>> dt.to_date_string()
'1975-12-25'

>>> dt.to_formatted_date_string()
'Dec 25, 1975'

>>> dt.to_time_string()
'14:15:16'

>>> dt.to_datetime_string()
'1975-12-25 14:15:16'

>>> dt.to_day_datetime_string()
'Thu, Dec 25, 1975 2:15 PM'

# You can also use the format() method
>>> dt.format('dddd Do [of] MMMM YYYY HH:mm:ss A')
'Thursday 25th of December 1975 02:15:16 PM'

# Of course, the strftime method is still available
>>> dt.strftime('%A %-d%t of %B %Y %I:%M:%S %p')
'Thursday 25th of December 1975 02:15:16 PM'

Note

For localization support see the Localization section.

Common Formats

The following are methods to display a DateTime instance as a common format:

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.now()

>>> dt.to_atom_string()
'1975-12-25T14:15:16-05:00'

>>> dt.to_cookie_string()
'Thursday, 25-Dec-1975 14:15:16 EST'

>>> dt.to_iso8601_string()
'1975-12-25T14:15:16-0500'

>>> dt.to_rfc822_string()
'Thu, 25 Dec 75 14:15:16 -0500'

>>> dt.to_rfc850_string()
'Thursday, 25-Dec-75 14:15:16 EST'

>>> dt.to_rfc1036_string()
'Thu, 25 Dec 75 14:15:16 -0500'

>>> dt.to_rfc1123_string()
'Thu, 25 Dec 1975 14:15:16 -0500'

>>> dt.to_rfc2822_string()
'Thu, 25 Dec 1975 14:15:16 -0500'

>>> dt.to_rfc3339_string()
'1975-12-25T14:15:16-05:00'

>>> dt.to_rss_string()
'Thu, 25 Dec 1975 14:15:16 -0500'

>>> dt.to_w3c_string()
'1975-12-25T14:15:16-05:00'

Formatter

Pendulum uses its own formatter when using the format() method.

This format is more intuitive to use than the one used with strftime() and supports more directives.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(1975, 12, 25, 14, 15, 16)
>>> dt.format('YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss')
'1975-12-25 14:15:16'

Tokens

The following tokens are currently supported:

	Token	Output
Year	YYYY	2000, 2001, 2002 ... 2012, 2013
	YY	00, 01, 02 ... 12, 13
	Y	2000, 2001, 2002 ... 2012, 2013
Quarter	Q	1 2 3 4
	Qo	1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Month	MMMM	January, February, March ...
	MMM	Jan, Feb, Mar ...
	MM	01, 02, 03 ... 11, 12
	M	1, 2, 3 ... 11, 12
	Mo	1st 2nd ... 11th 12th
Day of Year	DDDD	001, 002, 003 ... 364, 365
	DDD	1, 2, 3 ... 4, 5
Day of Month	DD	01, 02, 03 ... 30, 31
	D	1, 2, 3 ... 30, 31
	Do	1st, 2nd, 3rd ... 30th, 31st
Day of Week	dddd	Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday ...
	ddd	Mon, Tue, Wed ...
	dd	Mo, Tu, We ...
	d	0, 1, 2 ... 6
Days of ISO Week	E	1, 2, 3 ... 7
Hour	HH	00, 01, 02 ... 23, 24
	H	0, 1, 2 ... 23, 24
	hh	01, 02, 03 ... 11, 12
	h	1, 2, 3 ... 11, 12
Minute	mm	00, 01, 02 ... 58, 59
	m	0, 1, 2 ... 58, 59
Second	ss	00, 01, 02 ... 58, 59
	s	0, 1, 2 ... 58, 59
Fractional Second	S	0 1 ... 8 9
	SS	00, 01, 02 ... 98, 99
	SSS	000 001 ... 998 999
	SSSS ...	000[0..] 001[0..] ... 998[0..] 999[0..]
	SSSSSS
AM / PM	A	AM, PM
Timezone	Z	-07:00, -06:00 ... +06:00, +07:00
	ZZ	-0700, -0600 ... +0600, +0700
	z	Asia/Baku, Europe/Warsaw, GMT ...
	zz	EST CST ... MST PST
Seconds timestamp	X	1381685817, 1234567890.123
Milliseconds timestamp	x	1234567890123

Localized Formats

Because preferred formatting differs based on locale, there are a few tokens that can be used to format an instance based on its locale.


Time	LT	8:30 PM
Time with seconds	LTS	8:30:25 PM
Month numeral, day of month, year	L	09/04/1986
Month name, day of month, year	LL	September 4 1986
Month name, day of month, year, time	LLL	September 4 1986 8:30 PM
Month name, day of month, day of week, year, time	LLLL	Thursday, September 4 1986 8:30 PM

Escaping Characters

To escape characters in format strings, you can wrap the characters in square brackets.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.now()
>>> dt.format('[today] dddd')
'today Sunday'

Comparison

Simple comparison is offered up via the basic operators. Remember that the comparison is done in the UTC timezone so things aren't always as they seem.

>>> import pendulum

>>> first = pendulum.datetime(2012, 9, 5, 23, 26, 11, 0, tz='America/Toronto')
>>> second = pendulum.datetime(2012, 9, 5, 20, 26, 11, 0, tz='America/Vancouver')

>>> first.to_datetime_string()
'2012-09-05 23:26:11'
>>> first.timezone_name
'America/Toronto'
>>> second.to_datetime_string()
'2012-09-05 20:26:11'
>>> second.timezone_name
'America/Vancouver'

>>> first == second
True
>>> first != second
False
>>> first > second
False
>>> first >= second
True
>>> first < second
False
>>> first <= second
True

>>> first = first.on(2012, 1, 1).at(0, 0, 0)
>>> second = second.on(2012, 1, 1).at(0, 0, 0)
# tz is still America/Vancouver for second

>>> first == second
False
>>> first != second
True
>>> first > second
False
>>> first >= second
False
>>> first < second
True
>>> first <= second
True

To handle the most used cases there are some simple helper functions. For the methods that compare to now() (ex. is_today()) in some manner the now() is created in the same timezone as the instance.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.now()

>>> dt.is_past()
>>> dt.is_leap_year()

>>> born = pendulum.datetime(1987, 4, 23)
>>> not_birthday = pendulum.datetime(2014, 9, 26)
>>> birthday = pendulum.datetime(2014, 2, 23)
>>> past_birthday = pendulum.now().subtract(years=50)

>>> born.is_birthday(not_birthday)
False
>>> born.is_birthday(birthday)
True
>>> past_birthday.is_birthday()
# Compares to now by default
True

Addition and Subtraction

To easily add and subtract time, you can use the add() and subtract() methods. Each method returns a new DateTime instance.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2012, 1, 31)

>>> dt.to_datetime_string()
'2012-01-31 00:00:00'

>>> dt = dt.add(years=5)
'2017-01-31 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.add(years=1)
'2018-01-31 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(years=1)
'2017-01-31 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(years=5)
'2012-01-31 00:00:00'

>>> dt = dt.add(months=60)
'2017-01-31 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.add(months=1)
'2017-02-28 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(months=1)
'2017-01-28 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(months=60)
'2012-01-28 00:00:00'

>>> dt = dt.add(days=29)
'2012-02-26 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.add(days=1)
'2012-02-27 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(days=1)
'2012-02-26 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(days=29)
'2012-01-28 00:00:00'

>>> dt = dt.add(weeks=3)
'2012-02-18 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.add(weeks=1)
'2012-02-25 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(weeks=1)
'2012-02-18 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(weeks=3)
'2012-01-28 00:00:00'

>>> dt = dt.add(hours=24)
'2012-01-29 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.add(hours=1)
'2012-02-25 01:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(hours=1)
'2012-02-29 00:00:00'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(hours=24)
'2012-01-28 00:00:00'

>>> dt = dt.add(minutes=61)
'2012-01-28 01:01:00'
>>> dt = dt.add(minutes=1)
'2012-01-28 01:02:00'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(minutes=1)
'2012-01-28 01:01:00'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(minutes=24)
'2012-01-28 00:00:00'

>>> dt = dt.add(seconds=61)
'2012-01-28 00:01:01'
>>> dt = dt.add(seconds=1)
'2012-01-28 00:01:02'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(seconds=1)
'2012-01-28 00:01:01'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(seconds=61)
'2012-01-28 00:00:00'

>>> dt = dt.add(years=3, months=2, days=6, hours=12, minutes=31, seconds=43)
'2015-04-03 12:31:43'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(years=3, months=2, days=6, hours=12, minutes=31, seconds=43)
'2012-01-28 00:00:00'

Note

Passing negative values to add() is also possible and will act exactly like subtract()

Difference

The diff() method returns a Period instance that represents the total duration between two DateTime instances. This interval can be then expressed in various units. These interval methods always return the total difference expressed in the specified time requested. All values are truncated and not rounded.

The diff() method has a default first parameter which is the DateTime instance to compare to, or None if you want to use now(). The 2nd parameter is optional and indicates if you want the return value to be the absolute value or a relative value that might have a - (negative) sign if the passed in date is less than the current instance. This will default to True, return the absolute value.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt_ottawa = pendulum.datetime(2000, 1, 1, tz='America/Toronto')
>>> dt_vancouver = pendulum.datetime(2000, 1, 1, tz='America/Vancouver')

>>> dt_ottawa.diff(dt_vancouver).in_hours()
3
>>> dt_ottawa.diff(dt_vancouver, False).in_hours()
3
>>> dt_vancouver.diff(dt_ottawa, False).in_hours()
-3

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2012, 1, 31, 0)
>>> dt.diff(dt.add(months=1)).in_days()
29
>>> dt.diff(dt.subtract(months=1), False).in_days()
-31

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2012, 4, 30, 0)
>>> dt.diff(dt.add(months=1)).in_days()
30
>>> dt.diff(dt.add(weeks=1)).in_days()
7

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2012, 1, 1, 0)
>>> dt.diff(dt.add(seconds=59)).in_minutes()
0
>>> dt.diff(dt.add(seconds=60)).in_minutes()
1
>>> dt.diff(dt.add(seconds=119)).in_minutes()
1
>>> dt.diff(dt.add(seconds=120)).in_minutes()
2

Difference for Humans

The diff_for_humans() method will add a phrase after the difference value relative to the instance and the passed in instance. There are 4 possibilities:

When comparing a value in the past to default now:
- 1 hour ago
- 5 months ago
When comparing a value in the future to default now:
- 1 hour from now
- 5 months from now
When comparing a value in the past to another value:
- 1 hour before
- 5 months before
When comparing a value in the future to another value:
- 1 hour after
- 5 months after

You may also pass True as a 2nd parameter to remove the modifiers ago, from now, etc.

>>> import pendulum

# The most typical usage is for comments
# The instance is the date the comment was created
# and its being compared to default now()
>>> pendulum.now().subtract(days=1).diff_for_humans()
'1 day ago'

>>> pendulum.now().diff_for_humans(pendulum.now().subtract(years=1))
'1 year after'

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2011, 8, 1)
>>> dt.diff_for_humans(dt.add(months=1))
'1 month before'
>>> dt.diff_for_humans(dt.subtract(months=1))
'1 month after'

>>> pendulum.now().add(seconds=5).diff_for_humans()
'5 seconds from now'

>>> pendulum.now().subtract(days=24).diff_for_humans()
'3 weeks ago'

>>> pendulum.now().subtract(days=24).diff_for_humans(absolute=True)
'3 weeks'

You can also change the locale of the string either globally by using pendulum.set_locale('fr') before the diff_for_humans() call or specifically for the call by passing the locale keyword argument. See the Localization section for more detail.

>>> import pendulum

>>> pendulum.set_locale('de')
>>> pendulum.now().add(years=1).diff_for_humans()
'in 1 Jahr'
>>> pendulum.now().add(years=1).diff_for_humans(locale='fr')
'dans 1 an'

Modifiers

This group of methods performs helpful modifications to a copy of the current instance. You'll notice that the start_of(), next() and previous() methods set the time to 00:00:00 and the end_of() methods set the time to 23:59:59.999999.

The only one slightly different is the average() method. It returns the middle date between itself and the provided DateTime argument.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2012, 1, 31, 12, 0, 0)

>>> dt.start_of('day')
'2012-01-31 00:00:00'

>>> dt.end_of('day')
'2012-01-31 23:59:59'

>>> dt.start_of('month')
'2012-01-01 00:00:00'

>>> dt.end_of('month')
'2012-01-31 23:59:59'

>>> dt.start_of('year')
'2012-01-01 00:00:00'

>>> dt.end_of('year')
'2012-12-31 23:59:59'

>>> dt.start_of('decade')
'2010-01-01 00:00:00'

>>> dt.end_of('decade')
'2019-12-31 23:59:59'

>>> dt.start_of('century')
'2000-01-01 00:00:00'

>>> dt.end_of('century')
'2099-12-31 23:59:59'

>>> dt.start_of('week')
'2012-01-30 00:00:00'
>>> dt.day_of_week == pendulum.MONDAY
True # ISO8601 week starts on Monday

>>> dt.end_of('week')
'2012-02-05 23:59:59'
>>> dt.day_of_week == pendulum.SUNDAY
True # ISO8601 week ends on SUNDAY

>>> dt.next(pendulum.WEDNESDAY)
'2012-02-01 00:00:00'
>>> dt.day_of_week == pendulum.WEDNESDAY
True

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2012, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0)
dt.next()
'2012-01-08 00:00:00'
>>> dt.next(keep_time=True)
'2012-01-08T12:00:00+00:00'

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2012, 1, 31, 12, 0, 0)
>>> dt.previous(pendulum.WEDNESDAY)
'2012-01-25 00:00:00'
>>> dt.day_of_week == pendulum.WEDNESDAY
True

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2012, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0)
>>> dt.previous()
'2011-12-25 00:00:00'
>>> dt.previous(keep_time=True)
'2011-12-25 12:00:00'

>>> start = pendulum.datetime(2014, 1, 1)
>>> end = pendulum.datetime(2014, 1, 30)
>>> start.average(end)
'2014-01-15 12:00:00'

# others that are defined that are similar
# and tha accept month, quarter and year units
# first_of(), last_of(), nth_of()

Timezones

Timezones are an important part of every datetime library, and pendulum tries to provide an easy and accurate system to handle them properly.

Note

The timezone system works best inside the pendulum ecosystem but can also be used with the standard datetime library with a few limitations. See Using the timezone library directly.

Normalization

When you create a DateTime instance, the library will normalize it for the given timezone to properly handle any transition that might have occurred.

>>> import pendulum

>>> pendulum.datetime(2013, 3, 31, 2, 30, tz='Europe/Paris')
# 2:30 for the 31th of March 2013 does not exist
# so pendulum will return the actual time which is 3:30+02:00
'2013-03-31T03:30:00+02:00'

>>> pendulum.datetime(2013, 10, 27, 2, 30, tz='Europe/Paris')
# Here, 2:30 exists twice in the day so pendulum will
# assume that the transition already occurred
'2013-10-27T02:30:00+01:00'

You can, however, control the normalization behavior:

>>> import pendulum

>>> pendulum.datetime(2013, 3, 31, 2, 30, 0, 0, tz='Europe/Paris',
                      dst_rule=pendulum.PRE_TRANSITION)
'2013-03-31T01:30:00+01:00'
>>> pendulum.datetime(2013, 10, 27, 2, 30, 0, 0, tz='Europe/Paris',
                      dst_rule=pendulum.PRE_TRANSITION)
'2013-10-27T02:30:00+02:00'

>>> pendulum.datetime(2013, 3, 31, 2, 30, 0, 0, tz='Europe/Paris',
                      dst_rule=pendulum.TRANSITION_ERROR)
# NonExistingTime: The datetime 2013-03-31 02:30:00 does not exist
>>> pendulum.datetime(2013, 10, 27, 2, 30, 0, 0, tz='Europe/Paris',
                      dst_rule=pendulum.TRANSITION_ERROR)
# AmbiguousTime: The datetime 2013-10-27 02:30:00 is ambiguous.

Note that it only affects instances at creation time. Shifting time around transition times still behaves the same.

Shifting time to transition

So, what happens when you add time to a DateTime instance and stumble upon a transition time? Well pendulum, provided with the context of the previous instance, will adopt the proper behavior and apply the transition accordingly.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2013, 3, 31, 1, 59, 59, 999999,
                           tz='Europe/Paris')
'2013-03-31T01:59:59.999999+01:00'
>>> dt = dt.add(microseconds=1)
'2013-03-31T03:00:00+02:00'
>>> dt.subtract(microseconds=1)
'2013-03-31T01:59:59.999998+01:00'

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2013, 10, 27, 2, 59, 59, 999999,
                           tz='Europe/Paris',
                           dst_rule=pendulum.PRE_TRANSITION)
'2013-10-27T02:59:59.999999+02:00'
>>> dt = dt.add(microseconds=1)
'2013-10-27T02:00:00+01:00'
>>> dt = dt.subtract(microseconds=1)
'2013-10-27T02:59:59.999999+02:00'

Switching timezones

You can easily change the timezone of a DateTime instance with the in_timezone() method.

Note

You can also use the more concise in_tz()

>>> in_paris = pendulum.datetime(2016, 8, 7, 22, 24, 30, tz='Europe/Paris')
'2016-08-07T22:24:30+02:00'
>>> in_paris.in_timezone('America/New_York')
'2016-08-07T16:24:30-04:00'
>>> in_paris.in_tz('Asia/Tokyo')
'2016-08-08T05:24:30+09:00'

Using the timezone library directly

Warning

You should avoid using the timezone library in Python < 3.6.

This is due to the fact that Pendulum relies heavily on the presence of the fold attribute which was introduced in Python 3.6.

The reason it works inside the Pendulum ecosystem is that it backports the fold attribute in the DateTime class.

Like said in the introduction, you can use the timezone library directly with standard datetime objects but with limitations, especially when adding and subtracting time around transition times.

The value of the fold attribute will be used by default to determine the transition rule.

>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> from pendulum import timezone

>>> paris = timezone('Europe/Paris')
>>> dt = datetime(2013, 3, 31, 2, 30)
# By default, fold is set to 0
>>> dt = paris.convert(dt)
>>> dt.isoformat()
'2013-03-31T01:30:00+01:00'

>>> dt = datetime(2013, 3, 31, 2, 30, fold=1)
>>> dt = paris.convert(dt)
>>> dt.isoformat()
'2013-03-31T03:30:00+02:00'

Instead of relying on the fold attribute, you can use the dst_rule keyword argument. This is especially useful if you want to raise errors on non-existing and ambiguous times.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt = datetime(2013, 3, 31, 2, 30)
# By default, fold is set to 0
>>> dt = paris.convert(dt, dst_rule=pendulum.PRE_TRANSITION)
>>> dt.isoformat()
'2013-03-31T01:30:00+01:00'

>>> dt = paris.convert(dt, dst_rule=pendulum.POST_TRANSITION)
>>> dt.isoformat()
'2013-03-31T03:30:00+02:00'

>>> paris.convert(dt, dst_rule=pendulum.TRANSITION_ERROR)
# NonExistingTime: The datetime 2013-03-31 02:30:00 does not exist

This works as expected. However, whenever we add or subtract a timedelta object, things get tricky.

>>> from datetime import datetime, timedelta
>>> from pendulum import timezone

>>> dt = datetime(2013, 3, 31, 1, 59, 59, 999999)
>>> dt = paris.convert(dt)
>>> dt.isoformat()
'2013-03-31T01:59:59.999999+01:00'
>>> dt = dt + timedelta(microseconds=1)
>>> dt.isoformat()
'2013-03-31T02:00:00+01:00'

This is not what we expect. It should be 2013-03-31T03:00:00+02:00. It is actually easy to retrieve the proper datetime by using convert() again.

>>> dt = tz.convert(dt)
>>> dt.isoformat()
'2013-03-31T03:00:00+02:00'

You can also get a normalized datetime object from a Timezone by using the datetime() method:

>>> import pendulum

>>> tz = pendulum.timezone('Europe/Paris')
>>> dt = tz.datetime(2013, 3, 31, 2, 30)
>>> dt.isoformat()
'2013-03-31T03:30:00+02:00'

Duration

The Duration class is inherited from the native timedelta class. It has many improvements over the base class.

Note

Even though, it inherits from the timedelta class, its behavior is slightly different. The more important to notice is that the native normalization does not happen, this is so that it feels more intuitive.

>>> import pendulum
>>> from datetime import datetime

>>> d1 = datetime(2012, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, tzinfo=pytz.UTC)
>>> d2 = datetime(2011, 12, 31, 22, 2, 3, tzinfo=pytz.UTC)
>>> delta = d2 - d1
>>> delta.days
-1
>>> delta.seconds
75600

>>> d1 = pendulum.datetime(2012, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3)
>>> d2 = pendulum.datetime(2011, 12, 31, 22, 2, 3)
>>> delta = d2 - d1
>>> delta.days
0
>>> delta.hours
-3

Instantiation

To create a Duration instance, you can use the duration() helper:

>>> import pendulum

>>> it = pendulum.duration(days=1177, seconds=7284, microseconds=1234)

Note

Unlike the native timedelta class, durations support specifying years and months.

>>> import pendulum

>>> it = pendulum.duration(years=2, months=3)

However, to maintain compatibility, native methods and properties will make approximations:

>>> it.days
820

>>> it.total_seconds()
70848000.0

Properties and Duration Methods

The Duration class brings more properties than the default days, seconds and microseconds.

>>> import pendulum

>>> it = pendulum.duration(
...     years=2, months=3,
...     days=1177, seconds=7284, microseconds=1234
... )

>>> it.years
2
>>> it.months
3

# Weeks are based on the total of days
# It does not take into account years and months
>>> it.weeks
168

# Days, just like in timedelta, represents the total of days
# in the duration. If years and/or months are specified
# it will use an approximation
>>> it.days
1997

# If you want the remaining days not included in full weeks
>>> it.remaining_days
1

>>> # The remaining number in each unit
>>> it.hours
2
>>> it.minutes
1

# Seconds are, like days, a special case and the default
# property will return the whole value of remaining
# seconds just like the timedelta class for compatibility
>>> it.seconds
7284

# If you want the number of seconds not included
# in hours and minutes
>>> it.remaining_seconds
24

>>> it.microseconds
1234

If you want to get the duration in each supported unit you can use the appropriate methods.

# Each method returns a float like the native
# total_seconds() method
>>> it.total_weeks()
168.15490079569113

>>> it.total_days()
1177.0843055698379

>>> it.total_hours()
28250.02333367611

>>> it.total_minutes()
1695001.4000205665

>>> it.total_seconds()
101700084.001234

Similarly, the in_xxx() methods return the total duration in each supported unit as a truncated integer.

>>> it.in_weeks()
168

>>> it.in_days()
1997

>>> it.in_hours()
28250

>>> it.in_minutes()
1695001

>>> it.in_seconds()
101700084

It also has a handy in_words() method, which determines the duration representation when printed.

>>> import pendulum

>>> pendulum.set_locale('fr')

>>> it = pendulum.duration(days=1177, seconds=7284, microseconds=1234)
>>> it.in_words()
'168 semaines 1 jour 2 heures 1 minute 24 secondes'

>>> print(it)
'168 semaines 1 jour 2 heures 1 minute 24 secondes'

>>> it.in_words(locale='de')
'168 Wochen 1 Tag 2 Stunden 1 Minute 24 Sekunden'

Period

When you subtract a DateTime instance from another, or use the diff() method, it will return a Period instance. It inherits from the Duration class with the added benefit that it is aware of the instances that generated it, so that it can give access to more methods and properties:

>>> import pendulum

>>> start = pendulum.datetime(2000, 11, 20)
>>> end = pendulum.datetime(2016, 11, 5)

>>> period = end - start

>>> period.years
15
>>> period.months
11
>>> period.in_years()
15
>>> period.in_months()
191

# Note that the weeks property
# will change compared to the Duration class
>>> period.weeks
2 # 832 for the duration

# However the days property will still remain the same
# to keep the compatiblity with the timedelta class
>>> period.days
5829

Be aware that a period, just like an interval, is compatible with the timedelta class regarding its attributes. However, its custom attributes (like remaining_days) will be aware of any DST transitions that might have occurred and adjust accordingly. Let's take an example:

>>> import pendulum

>>> start = pendulum.datetime(2017, 3, 7, tz='America/Toronto')
>>> end = start.add(days=6)

>>> period = end - start

# timedelta properties
>>> period.days
5
>>> period.seconds
82800

# period properties
>>> period.remaining_days
6
>>> period.hours
0
>>> period.remaining_seconds
0

Warning

Due to their nature (fixed duration between two datetimes), most arithmetic operations will return a Duration instead of a Period.

>>> import pendulum

>>> dt1 = pendulum.datetime(2016, 8, 7, 12, 34, 56)
>>> dt2 = dt1.add(days=6, seconds=34)
>>> period = pendulum.period(dt1, dt2)
>>> period * 2
Duration(weeks=1, days=5, minutes=1, seconds=8)

Instantiation

You can create an instance by using the period() helper:

>>> import pendulum

>>> start = pendulum.datetime(2000, 1, 1)
>>> end = pendulum.datetime(2000, 1, 31)

>>> period = pendulum.period(start, end)

You can also make an inverted period:

>>> period = pendulum.period(end, start)
>>> period.remaining_days
-2

If you have inverted dates but want to make sure that the period is positive, you should set the absolute keyword argument to True:

>>> period = pendulum.period(end, start, absolute=True)
>>> period.remaining_days
2

Range

If you want to iterate over a period, you can use the range() method:

>>> import pendulum

>>> start = pendulum.datetime(2000, 1, 1)
>>> end = pendulum.datetime(2000, 1, 10)

>>> period = pendulum.period(start, end)

>>> for dt in period.range('days'):
>>>     print(dt)

'2000-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'
'2000-01-02T00:00:00+00:00'
'2000-01-03T00:00:00+00:00'
'2000-01-04T00:00:00+00:00'
'2000-01-05T00:00:00+00:00'
'2000-01-06T00:00:00+00:00'
'2000-01-07T00:00:00+00:00'
'2000-01-08T00:00:00+00:00'
'2000-01-09T00:00:00+00:00'
'2000-01-10T00:00:00+00:00'

Note

Supported units for range() are: years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes and seconds

You can pass an amount for the passed unit to control the length of the gap:

>>> for dt in period.range('days', 2):
>>>     print(dt)

'2000-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'
'2000-01-03T00:00:00+00:00'
'2000-01-05T00:00:00+00:00'
'2000-01-07T00:00:00+00:00'
'2000-01-09T00:00:00+00:00'

You can also directly iterate over the Period instance, the unit will be days in this case:

>>> for dt in period:
>>>     print(dt)

You can check if a DateTime instance is inside a period using the in keyword:

>>> dt = pendulum.datetime(2000, 1, 4)
>>> dt in period
True

Testing

The testing methods allow you to set a DateTime instance (real or mock) to be returned when a "now" instance is created. The provided instance will be returned specifically under the following conditions:

A call to the now() method, ex. pendulum.now().
When the string "now" is passed to the parse() method, ex. pendulum.parse('now')

>>> import pendulum

# Create testing datetime
>>> known = pendulum.datetime(2001, 5, 21, 12)

# Set the mock
>>> pendulum.set_test_now(known)

>>> print(pendulum.now())
'2001-05-21T12:00:00+00:00'

>>> print(pendulum.parse('now'))
'2001-05-21T12:00:00+00:00'

# Clear the mock
>>> pendulum.set_test_now()

>>> print(pendulum.now())
'2016-07-10T22:10:33.954851-05:00'

Related methods will also return values mocked according to the **now** instance.

```python
>>> print(pendulum.today())
'2001-05-21T00:00:00+00:00'

>>> print(pendulum.tomorrow())
'2001-05-22T00:00:00+00:00'

>>> print(pendulum.yesterday())
'2001-05-20T00:00:00+00:00'

If you don't want to manually clear the mock (or you are afraid of forgetting), you can use the provided test() contextmanager.

>>> import pendulum

>>> known = pendulum.datetime(2001, 5, 21, 12)

>>> with pendulum.test(known):
>>>     print(pendulum.now())
'2001-05-21T12:00:00+00:00'

>>> print(pendulum.now())
'2016-07-10T22:10:33.954851-05:00'

Limitations

Even though the DateTime class is a subclass of datetime, there are some rare cases where it can't replace the native class directly. Here is a list (non-exhaustive) of the reported cases with a possible solution, if any:

sqlite3 will use the the type() function to determine the type of the object by default. To work around it you can register a new adapter:
```
import pendulum
from sqlite3 import register_adapter

register_adapter(pendulum.DateTime, lambda val: val.isoformat(' '))
```

mysqlclient (former MySQLdb) and PyMySQL will use the the type() function to determine the type of the object by default. To work around it you can register a new adapter:

import pendulum
import MySQLdb.converters
import pymysql.converters

MySQLdb.converters.conversions[pendulum.DateTime] = MySQLdb.converters.DateTime2literal
pymysql.converters.conversions[pendulum.DateTime] = pymysql.converters.escape_datetime

django will use the isoformat() method to store datetimes in the database. However, since pendulum is always timezone aware, the offset information will always be returned by isoformat() raising an error, at least for MySQL databases. To work around it, you can either create your own DateTimeField or use the previous workaround for MySQLdb:

import pendulum
from django.db.models import DateTimeField as BaseDateTimeField


class DateTimeField(BaseDateTimeField):

    def value_to_string(self, obj):
        val = self.value_from_object(obj)

        if isinstance(value, pendulum.DateTime):
            return value.format('YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss')

        return '' if val is None else val.isoformat()

Version 2.0

Documentation

Installation

Introduction

Instantiation

Parsing

RFC 3339

ISO 8601

Datetime

Date

Ordinal day

Week number

Time

Intervals

Localization

Attributes and Properties

Fluent helpers

String formatting

Common Formats

Formatter

Tokens

Localized Formats

Escaping Characters

Comparison

Addition and Subtraction

Difference

Difference for Humans

Modifiers

Timezones

Normalization

Shifting time to transition

Switching timezones

Using the timezone library directly

Duration

Instantiation

Properties and Duration Methods

Period

Instantiation

Range

Testing

Limitations

Pendulum

Documentation

Github